On April 24, 1558, Paris erupted in a massive royal spectacle for the wedding of Mary Queen of Scots and the Dauphin Francis at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. The city was transformed by a magnificent, blue velvet-covered gallery that allowed the royal party to march high above the muddy streets and cheering crowds. Mary was a vision of grandeur in a glittering white gown, breaking tradition to embody the height of French courtly grace. Yet, beneath the gold coins and soaring

Louis XIV decided as a last resort to get surgery. The procedure he ended up having changed the medical profession forever.